Remember to italicize the title of the book or put titles of articles in quotation marks. No Author: When no author is found you can use the complete title in a signal phrase in the narrative or you can use a short form of the title in parentheses. Example: The auditor's report identified a number of issues such as the number of accidents, time of day, road conditions and age of driver.No punctuation is used between the author's name and the page number(s). When the author is not used in the signal phrase include the author's last name and the page number(s) in parentheses. The parenthetical reference, which comes after the cited material, normally includes at least a page number. Example: Ratcliff testified that he was on vacation when his neighbor's tree fell in his yard (13).The period follows the parenthetical citation. Generally the signal phrase includes the author's name in the statement followed by a page number in parentheses at the end. web pages etc.) provide the number preceded by the abbreviation par or pars.Ī signal phrase within the narrative alerts the reader that something taken from another source (quotation, summary, paraphrase or fact) is about to be used. If the source uses paragraph numbers instead of page numbers (e.g. The word page or pages or the abbreviation p. General guidelines for both types of in-text citations include the following. This allows the reader to look at the list of works cited to see the complete publication information. Signal phrases introduce the material, often including the author's name. In-text citations using either signal phrases or parenthetical references document material from other sources. You may cite an entire work or part of a passage. For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows.You may summarize or paraphrase the original words, thought or idea but credit must be given to the source. The examples in the first section are adapted to APA, which recommends past-tense verbs in signal phrases. In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According to ,"). Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like "indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original source. These expressions, which usually occur in the parts of sentences that come just before quotes and paraphrases, are called signal phrases (or, in some cases, lead-in phrases). It is relatively simple to use a wide variety of different expressions to introduce both direct and indirect citations. In most citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago style, you can add variety to your research writing by not always using the same sentence structure to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from different sources. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Writing Letters of Recommendation for StudentsĬopyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.
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